Garage, Birtle IRS, 2013
“Don’t Let Fear Take Over”: The Space and Memory of Indian Residential Schools
Abstract by Magdalena Miłosz
The Indian Residential School (IRS) system in Canada directly affected 150,000 Indigenous children who were taken to state-sponsored and church-run institutions to separate them from their families and cultures. During the century and a half leading up to around 1970, over 130 IRS were scattered throughout the country. The role of architecture in this genocidal system is a crucial, but overlooked aspect of its realization. In the first decades of the twentieth century, the Canadian government became increasingly involved in building and rebuilding the IRS, as a dedicated arm of the Department of Indian Affairs in Ottawa became a centrally controlled apparatus of architectural production. Passing from utopian space to evolving memory, the architectural remnants of the IRS system tell many stories, among those that need to be heard and acknowledged by contemporary Canadian society as part of its troubled relationship with Indigenous peoples.
Through archival research, documentation, narrative, and critical analysis, explorations of four former IRS sites configure this thesis, each providing a lens on the space and memory of this difficult and often traumatic past. Located in Ontario and Manitoba, they were designed, fully or in part, by the little-known R.G. (Roland Guerney) Orr, Chief Architect of Indian Affairs from 1921 to 1935. Mapping architecture to ideology, I examine the development of the Mohawk Institute in Brantford, Ontario in the legal and political contexts of Indigenous-Canadian relations. At the abandoned Birtle IRS in southwestern Manitoba, the institutional intricacies of this broad view come into focus through a critique of the architectural program and its intentions. Nearby, at the site of the demolished Brandon IRS, the heap of leftover debris calls forth questions of collective memory, explored through conventional representations and their transformations in the art of survivors and post-residential school Indigenous artists. I consider the archive and its role in bringing forth the future at the former Shingwauk Hall in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, now the site of Shingwauk Kinoomaage Gamig, an Anishinaabe post-secondary institution, and Algoma University. Finally, I return to the Woodland Cultural Centre, located next to the Mohawk Institute building and whose staff are currently reimagining the former IRS based on feedback from the community. Rather than resting on conclusions, this thesis probes these difficult histories as an opening up towards the future, propelled by the past but open to spaces of divergence.
Supervisor: Andrew Levitt, University of Waterloo
Committee Members:
Dr. Robert Jan van Pelt, University of Waterloo
Dr. William Woodworth, Adjunct Faculty, University of Waterloo, & William Woodworth Architecture and Design
External Reader: Paula Whitlow, Museum Director, Woodland Cultural Centre
The defence examination will take place on Wednesday, January 7, 2015 at 10:00 am in the Architecture Loft.
A copy of this thesis is available for perusal in ARC 2106A.
Mohawk Institute, built 1904, 1909 (Library and Archives Canada, PA071300)
Elevations, Birtle IRS, 1930, R.G. Orr, architect
Birtle IRS, 2013
Elevations, Brandon IRS, 1929, R.G. Orr, architect
Root house walls, Brandon IRS, 2013
The new Shingwauk IRS being constructed behind the old, 1934-35
Arthur A. Wishart Library, Algoma University (addition to Shingwauk Hall on the right), built 1989, 2013
Woodland Cultural Centre, located at former Mohawk Institute, 2013
I am a graduate student at the University of Waterloo School of Architecture, currently completing my MArch thesis on the design and collective memory of Indian residential schools in Canada.
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